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There's something inside us that loves a good monster. We want them scary. We want them surprising.
But apparently not too surprising. Across time and across cultures, our monsters come in strangely predictable forms.
Take, for example, these guys:
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Lester found these illustrations in a book from Roman writer Julius Solinus. Solinus repackaged Pliny’s monsters into a kind of National Enquirer version called the "Gallery of Wonderful Things." For the next thousand years, when Westerners conjured up creatures from distant lands, sort of the medieval version of Star Wars, these are the creatures they imagined.
But here's the surprise.
If we skip to the other side of the world — to China — and ask what did the Chinese think distant creatures looked like, it turns out they also had a monster collection. Their monsters show up in an ancient text called "The Classic of Mountains and Seas." And guess what?
Well, first, take a look at this Chinese sampler, paying particular attention to the headless face-on-my-chests fellow second from the left:

I couldn't help but notice that with every conceivable shape available, the Chinese came up with monsters that look like the West's monsters. Here’s Toby Lester's list:
So the Chinese imagined Big-Eared monsters and so did the Europeans. The Chinese have air eaters, the Europeans Apple Sniffers .The Chinese have a face-on-my-chest monsters, ditto the Europeans.

Two thousand plus years ago, Europeans and Chinese had very, very little contact but somehow they imagined a startlingly similar cast of frightening and fantastic creatures.
I don't know why I'm disappointed. I guess it's no big surprise that people from very different cultures and very different places often scare and enchant themselves in much the same way.
P.T. Barnum knew that. Hollywood knows that. The deeper question is: Why do we dream and imagine so similarly? Why did we have to wait 2,500 years to get a truly original monster like The Blob?


Thus, the feeling that one has been there before is often due to the fact that one has been there before. One has simply forgotten most of the original experience because one was not paying close attention the first time. The original experience may even have occurred only seconds or minutes earlier.
On the other hand, the déjà vu experience may be due to having seen pictures or heard vivid stories many years earlier. The experience may be part of the dim recollections of childhood.
However, it is possible that the déjà vu feeling is triggered by a neurochemical action in the brain that is not connected to any actual experience in the past. One feels strange and identifies the feelingwith a memory, even though the experience is completely new.
The term was applied by Emile Boirac (1851-1917), who had strong interests in psychic phenomena. Boirac's term directs our attention to the past. However, a little reflection reveals that what is unique about déjà vu is not something from the past but something in thepresent, namely, the strange feeling one has. We often have experiences the novelty of which is unclear. In such cases we may have been led to ask such questions as, "Have I read this book before?" "Is this an episode of Inspector Morse I've seen before?" "This place looks familiar; have I been here before?" Yet, these experiences are not accompanied by an uncanny feeling. We may feel a bit confused, but the feeling associated with the déjà vu experience is not one of confusion; it is one of strangeness. There is nothing strange about not remembering whether you've read a book before, especially if you are fifty years old and have read thousands of books over your lifetime. In the déjà vu experience, however, we feel strange because we don't think we should feel familiar with the present perception. That sense of inappropriateness is not present when one is simply unclear whether one has read a book or seen a film before.
Thus, it is possible that the attempt to explain the déjà vu experience in terms of lost memory, past lives, clairvoyance, and so on may be completely misguided. We should be talking about the déjà vufeeling. That feeling may be caused by a brain state, by neurochemical factors during perception that have nothing to do with memory. It is worth noting that the déjà vu feeling is common among psychiatric patients. The déjà vu feeling also frequently precedes temporal lobe epilepsy attacks. When Wilder Penfield did his famous experiment in 1955 in which he electrically stimulated the temporal lobes, he found about 8% of his subjects experienced "memories." He assumed he elicited actual memories. They could well have been hallucinations and the first examples of artificially stimulated déjà vu.








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